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In 1945, after his capture at the end of the Second World War, Hermann Göring arrived at an American-run detention center in war-torn Luxembourg, accompanied by sixteen suitcases and a red hatbox. The suitcases contained all manner of paraphernalia: medals, gems, two cigar cutters, silk underwear, a hot water bottle, and the equivalent of $1 million in cash. Hidden in a coffee can, a set of brass vials housed glass capsules containing a clear liquid and a white precipitate: potassium cyanide. Joining Göring in the detention center were the elite of the captured Nazi regime—Grand Admiral Dönitz; armed forces commander Wilhelm Keitel and his deputy Alfred Jodl; the mentally unstable Robert Ley; the suicidal Hans Frank; the pornographic propagandist Julius Streicher—fifty-two senior Nazis in all, of whom the dominant figure was Göring.
To ensure that the villainous captives were fit for trial at Nuremberg, the US army sent an ambitious army psychiatrist, Captain Douglas M. Kelley, to supervise their mental well-being during their detention. Kelley realized he was being offered the professional opportunity of a lifetime: to discover a distinguishing trait among these arch-criminals that would mark them as psychologically different from the rest of humanity. So began a remarkable relationship between Kelley and his captors, told here for the first time with unique access to Kelley’s long-hidden papers and medical records.
Kelley’s was a hazardous quest, dangerous because against all his expectations he began to appreciate and understand some of the Nazi captives, none more so than the former Reichsmarshall, Hermann Göring. Evil had its charms.
- Sales Rank: #331681 in eBooks
- Published on: 2013-09-10
- Released on: 2013-09-10
- Format: Kindle eBook
Review
''Ace reportage on the unique relationship between a prison physician and one of the Third Reich's highest ranking officials . . . .El-Hai's gripping account turns a chilling page in American history and provides an unsettling meditation on the machinations of evil.'' --Kirkus Reviews (starred review)
''This intimate and insightful portrait of two intersecting, outsized personalities -- one an exemplar of public service and the other an avatar of evil -- is as suspenseful as a classic Hitchcock film that hinges on an eerie psychological secret. Readers of The Nazi and the Psychiatrist will be riveted by Jack El-Hai's moving study of how good and evil can converge in a heightened instant and across a lifetime.'' --Andrew Solomon, National Book Award-winning author
''In the chilling tale of Dr. Douglas Kelley, a young US Army psychiatrist and his secret evaluations of Nazi leader Hermann Göring, Jack El-Hai weaves a harrowing narrative that brilliantly probes the depths of evil. The Nazi and the Psychiatrist is an utterly fascinating book.'' --Gilbert King, Pulitzer Prize-winning author
''A fast-paced, deeply researched psychodrama about an ambitious American military psychiatrist who is drawn into a sick and dangerous relationship with Hermann Göring, Adolf Hitler's right-hand man and one of history's most notorious criminals. The story of their terrible, intertwined fates opens a fascinating window into both the criminal minds of the Nazis and the nature of evil itself. This is a truly compelling book.'' --Debby Applegate, Pulitzer Prize-winning author
About the Author
JACK EL-HAI is the former executive vice president of the American Society of Journalists and Authors and a winner of the June Roth Memorial Award for Medical Journalism. A contributor to the Atlantic, the Washington Post Magazine, American Heritage, and numerous other publications, he lives in Minneapolis with his wife and two daughters.
Excerpt. © Reprinted by permission. All rights reserved.
It was a plum assignment, a rendezvous with the men widely regarded as the worst criminals of the century. Kelley’s time as the supervisor of several psychiatric hospitals had taught him that aberrant behavior often had mysterious and fascinating sources, and he set his own goals for the time he would spend in this Nazi holding pen. Kelley arrived among the Nazi leaders eager to probe them for signs of a flaw common to all: the willingness to commit evil acts. Did they share a mental disorder or a psychiatric cause of their behavior? Was there a “Nazi personality” that accounted for their heinous misdeeds? Kelley intended to find out…
Kelley had formed quick impressions of Göring. From his meetings with the other Nazi prisoners, Kelley recognized that Göring “was undoubtedly the most outstanding personality in the jail because he was intelligent,” Kelley wrote in his medical notes. “He was well developed mentally—well rounded—a huge, powerful sort of body when he was covered up with his cape and you couldn’t see the fat jiggle as he walked, a good looking individual from a distance, a very powerful dynamic individual.” But having also lightly touched in their initial cell-bound conversations upon politics, the war, and the rise of Nazism, Kelley was not blind to Göring’s dark side. The ex-Reich Marshal flashed ruthlessness, narcissism, and a cold-hearted disregard for anyone beyond his close circle of family and friends. That very combination of characteristics present in Göring—the admirable and the sinister—heightened Kelley’s interest in the prisoner. Only such an attractive, capable, and smart man who had smashed and snuffed out the lives of so many people could point Kelley toward the regions of the human soul that he urgently wanted to explore.
Most helpful customer reviews
59 of 63 people found the following review helpful.
The product description is misleadingly sensationalistic. This has more depth
By Maine Colonial
For more than seven decades, we've been trying to understand the nature of the Nazi mind. Was there something uniquely psychopathic about them, or could their horrors be wreaked by any country's leaders and citizens?
One of the first people to get an opportunity to try to answer this question was Captain Douglas M. Kelley, a 32-year-old psychiatrist in the U.S. Army medical service, who was assigned to attend to the 22 top Nazi defendants being held in Nüremberg, Germany, in the months before their trial began for crimes against humanity. Kelley spent long hours talking to the defendants and administering what were then relatively new psychiatric tests, like Rorschach ink blot testing and Thematic Apperception Tests.
Among the Nazi bigwigs Kelley was responsible for, the top patient was Hermann Göring, former head of the Luftwaffe and Hitler's one-time designated successor. Göring's huge personality and appetites were like a tractor beam for Kelley. He was charming, intelligent and quick-witted, but it soon became clear that he had no regard for anyone outside his small circle of family and close friends.
As the book description tells us, Göring managed to kill himself with a cyanide capsule in his cell the night before he was scheduled to be hanged. Twelve years later, Kelley also killed himself with cyanide, after a long slide into emotional illness and alcoholism. The book description concludes that Kelley's suicide shows "the insidious impact of the Göring-Kelley relationship, providing a cautionary tale about the dangers of coming too close to evil."
I think the book description is misleading. Author Jack El-Hai does not try to make an argument that Kelley's exposure to Göring and the other Nazis somehow tainted him and led to his suicide. He does argue that there are some similarities between Göring's and Kelley's motivations for suicide and for choosing cyanide as a method, but that's the extent of it.
The value of this book is not in some sensationalistic link between Göring and Kelley. Instead, the real value is the inside look at the minds of these Nazi leaders and how they revealed themselves to Kelley, whom many of them came to trust. El-Hai writes a great deal about Göring, but there is also extensive and valuable discussion of Rudolf Hess, Alfred Rosenberg, Robert Ley, Joachim von Ribbentrop, Julius Streicher and others. This should be of interest to many history readers, especially those who enjoyed books like Anthony Read's The Devil's Disciples: Hitler's Inner Circle.
Secondarily, El-Hai gives us an insightful look at the early days of criminal psychology and psychiatric testing. Kelley was active in both fields, including in the years after Nüremberg, when he lectured and consulted, was a professor of psychiatry at Wake Forest University and, in 1949, became the first head of the newly-established department of criminology at the University of California at Berkeley. Many of the concepts we take for granted today were in their infancy during this period, and El-Hai provides a clear and interesting view of what the field was like at that time.
Finally, El-Hai provides a fascinating description of various analysts' views of Kelley's records of the psychoanalytic tests of the Nazi defendants, and their debates about what they revealed about the Nazi psyche.
Rights to The Nazi and the Psychiatrist have been optioned to turn it into both a film and a stage play. I suspect in both cases, the hook will be the same sensationalistic one as in the book description. While that may make a good selling strategy, I hope people will read and appreciate the book for its actual content.
Note: I received a review copy from Netgalley.
36 of 38 people found the following review helpful.
Not what I had envisioned but a great read nonetheless.
By NLA
When I was first offered an advanced copy of this book I envisioned Hermann Goring sitting opposite an American Doctor in a wooden chair that squeaked under his weight as he explained the horrors and atrocities he committed over the span of the second world war. I also envisioned a dramatic, bite-your-nails suspense story as the two men jousted back and forth for the truth. After reading the book and not finding this kind of presentation I should be a little disappointed, but I'm not, in any way. For me this book was not a dual of sorts, but rather a fly on the wall look at historical events as they happened.
Author Jack El-Hai paints a picture of events directly after the fall of the German Fuhrer himself, and as the story continues El-Hai tells how both sides continue their lives from both sides of the prison cell door. Told brilliantly, the book spells out every detail to the events that happened before, during, and after the tribunals. The reader becomes intimately familiar with each party involved, and is exposed to their brilliant minds and sadistic tendencies.
By the end of the book I felt as if I knew each character far more than any history book could have done. The story is both informative and entertaining. Even though the book is very heavy in parts with historical information, it also reads very well. The facts presented are done so in a manner that sucks the reader in and exposes them to a part of history not soon forgotten.
Well written and well told story.
*I received this book in ARC in exchange for an honest review.
44 of 48 people found the following review helpful.
What made the Nazis act as they did? How can we prevent it happening here.
By Amazon Customer
Dr. Douglas M. Kelley, who served as a psychiatrist for the U.S. Army in World War II, received an order to be the lead psychiatrist and work with the high level Nazis being detained for trial at Nuremberg after the war. He saw it as an opportunity to try to discern if there was there a common flaw among the Nazi leaders? "We must learn they why of the Nazi success so we can take steps to prevent the recurrence of such evil." "What made these men criminals?" "Were they born with evil tendencies?" "Did they share psychiatric disorders?" "The trial and it run-up served as fascinating laboratories for the study of group dynamics of aggression, criminal motivation, defense mechanisms of the guilty, depression, and the response of deviant personalities to the judicial process."
His conclusions are as relevant in the United States today, in 2013, as they were in 1947.
Hermann Göring, President of the Reichstag, Hitler's deputy, Prime Minister of Prussia, Reich Minister of Aviation and Commander in Chief of the Luttwaffe, Minister of Economics, member of the Secret Cabinet Council, director of the Hermann Göring Works manufacturing combine, field marshal, chairman of the Reich Council for National Defense, Reich Forestry and Hunting Master, and Reichsmarshall, was the highest ranking Nazi in detention. After seeing the films taken when the concentration camps were liberated, he stated he didn't know the extent of the atrocities committed against the victims and thought it was enemy propaganda. Until that point, he wanted all co-defendants to "defend themselves, be proud of their actions, and accept the punishment of the victors as a unified group." At first, he told his fellows, to expected exile, then a group execution which "would grant them an afterlife as national martyrs." Unlike the others, he didn't blame Hitler or the Nazi regime. He considered himself a moving force in the Nazi movement." Kelley spent a lot of time with Göring, admiring his intelligence but aware of his dark side. In a letter to his wife, Göring suggested that if both of them did not survive the war, their daughter should be sent to live in the US with Kelley and his wife.
The first two pages of THE NAZI AND THE PSYCHIATRIST tell about the suicide of Dr. Kelley on January 1, 1958. The book then moves back to May 6, 1945. Realizing the war was soon ending, Göring sent a letter offering to help the Allies form a new government for the Reich. The Americans captured him but he didn't get to meet with General Dwight Eisenhower or any other officials. Instead, he was taken into custody as a criminal for his crimes in World War II. At the time, he was addicted to paracodeine, taking forty pills a day. (Five tablets had the narcotic effect of 65 mg of morphine.) An army official found that "Göring's hoard of [paracodeine] amounted to nearly the world's entire supply."
During the war, Kelley recognized "combat neurosis" and "combat exhaustion," now referred to as PTSD, post-traumatic stress disorder and worked to rehabilitate soldiers and determine who could return to the battlefield or noncombatant duty and who should be returned the US for further treatment. In the early years of the war, only 2% of the its victims in the North Africa campaign could return to duty. After Kelley trained physicians in ways to treat it, more than 95% of the service personnel were able to do so. He was able to use some of techniques when he worked with the Nazi prisoners to help keep them fit for trial. He combined psychiatry with criminology and also developed group therapy as psychiatric tool.
One of Kelley's co-workers, Captain John Dolibois a welfare official helping detainees with their problems and listening to them observed "they spoke quite freely believing they would never face trial. We sometimes had trouble getting them to shut up. They felt neglected if they hadn't been interrogated for a several days." The psychological staff was able to easily get information where traditional interrogation methods failed.
Relying heavily on The Rorschach or Ink Blot Test, he concluded,"These people without Hitler are not abnormal, not pervert[s], not geniuses. They were like any other aggressive, smart, ambitious, ruthless businessman, and their business happened in the setting up of a world government." Others, working with him, particularly Lieutenant Gustave Mark Gilbert who held a PhD in psychology and wanted to gather information to write a book, came to a different conclusion.
THE NAZI AND THE PSYCHIATRIST presents a detailed picture of the detainees lives before and after Nuremberg, a description of the courtroom itself, the reaction of the Nazis to the testimony and the verdicts, It also tells what happened to each prisoner after the trial. While most of the book deals with Hermann Göring and the relationship between him and Kelley , the book presents information about each of the main defendants, the men at the higher leadership roles in the Nazi regime. For example, Julius Streicher, editor of the exceedingly anti-Jewish Der Stürmer, was considered loathsome, a pariah among the other prisoners. He had a reputation as a sadist, rapist, and collector of pornography. Joachim von Ribbentrop, Hitler's foreign minister, had only an elementary school education and had worked in the liquor business previously. Kelley questioned whether Hess's amnesia was real, faked, or somewhere in between (had been faked then turned real) but was able to show he was capable to stand trial.
The book also states that Hitler had gastrointestinal disorders for more than twenty years though no organic cause was ever found by doctors. Because of that, he feared death and acted impulsively. He believed he had stomach cancer and "turned his attention from successful assaults on Great Britain to a campaign in the east that resulted in defeat."
There were three suicides among the detainees, two by hanging before the trial and one, Göring's by swallowing a cyanide capsule the night before he was to be hung.
After Kelley returned to the United States, Kelley was urged to write, but he wanted to get away from the detentions and trial. Eventually, did write about his experiences and examination as well as taught and trained law enforcement personnel. His family life was extremely complex with him alternating between kindness and vicious enforcer. He and his wife had major arguments and his children never knew how he would react to anything. He refused to see a psychiatrist because he didn't want to appear weak before a peer since he was an expert in the field. He was excessively strict with his children, especially his oldest son, because he wanted to train him to not act like the Germans did. He was to be observant and analytical. His son began thinking of killing his father when he was seven years old.
Based on his interpretation of their psychological make-up and trying to answer his original questions about why the Nazis acted as they did, Kelley said. "Unbridled ambition, weak ethics, and excessive patriotism that could justify nearly any action of questionable rightness." They were "Not monsters, evildoing machines, or automata without soul and feelings."
He wrote 22 Cells "to influence the thinking of the American people and hoped readers would understand the qualities that allowed a group of men to dominate a country and let them believe they had the right to do so....That America could become Germany."
Some of the Nazi prisoners compared Germany to the United States and it's racial bigots and ultranationalists, such as white supremacists Senator Theodore Bilbo, Congressman John E. Rankin, Governor Eugene Talmadge and Huey Long. To prevent people with personalities similar to the Nazis from gaining control of the US, "Kelley advocated:
removing all restrictions on the voting rights of US citizens, convincing as many Americans as possible to vote in elections, and rebuilding the educational system to cultivate students who could think critically and resist using `strong emotional reactions' to make decisions. Finally, he urged his countrymen to refuse to vote for any candidate who made `political capital' of any group's race and religious beliefs or referred indirectly or directly to the blood, heritage, or morals of opponents. `The United States [would] never reach its full stature' until it has undergone this transformation
Near the end of the book, we read more of Dr. Kelley's suicide, by cyanide capsule.
At the beginning, NAZI AND THE PSYCHIATRIST presents a list of the principle characters including their job titles. The final book will include eight pages of photos and a full bibliography which includes writings by both Dr. Kelley and Lieutenant Gilbert.
I received an advance copy this book from Goodreads.com and am very glad I had the opportunity to read it. Kelley's comments about preventing similar experiences in other countries, quoted above, echo strongly in the US political atmosphere today.
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